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Türkiye

Capital city — Ankara

+
Panorama

Safeguards

Admission and evaluation

All inmates are admitted to prison with a valid commitment order

no

The Turkish authorities have arrested thousands of people suspected of belonging to the Gülen movement.

  • In a report in September 2017, the Stockholm Center for Freedom (SCF) explained the following pretexts used for the arrests:

    • Subscription to the newspaper Zaman, an opposition publication, banned on 27 July 2016. Thousands of readers of the newspaper were arrested for this reason.
    • Being a customer of the Asya bank, which was seized by the government in May 2015. Twenty-eight of its managers were imprisoned. It is not known how many of its customers have been detained.
    • Being a member of a union: thousands of teachers who were members of different trade unions were arrested.
    • Being in possession of American dollar bills, which contain secret codes for the members of the Gülen movement.
      People have sometimes been arrested in place of a family member. Hacer Korucu, wife of the journalist Bulent Korucu, was held for eight months. The bill of indictment suggested that her husband’s actions were a legal reason for arresting his wife.1
      On the 5 February 2018 The militant website, Turkey Purge reported 64,358 people, of whom 319 were journalists, were arrested since the attempted coup d’état in July 2016.

    1. Stockholm Center for Freedom, “Erdogan’s rule by royal decree. Turkey’ s contempt for the rule of law. Criminal charges on absurd pretexts in Turkey, September 2017, p. 35. ↩

Access to rights

Prisoners can be assisted by a lawyer throughout their incarceration

yes

People accused of having links with the coup face difficulties in finding a lawyer willing to defend them.
Lawyers who have been assigned show little interest in defending some prisoners, according to Safak Pavey, a member of parliament of the Republican People’s Party (CHP, opposition party).

The procedures for interviewing lawyers vary from one institution to another.
Lawyers can speak freely with their clients at Kirkaleri Prison.Lawyers’ visits to Burhaniye Prison are permitted once a week. Lawyers rarely visit their clients at Manisa Prison, saying they feel threatened.
Meetings with lawyers are sometimes considered too short to prepare an effective defence. In the Silivri prison, duration is limited to 20 minutes per week.1 It is 30 minutes to Kirkaleri Prison.
A decree established following the attempted putsch, stipulates that the interviews of people suspected to be members of the Gülen movement with their lawyers will be videotaped. These interviews, as well as visits with their relatives, should take place in the presence of a prison supervisor. These measures apply to everyone in some prisons. The presence of surveillance cameras in the visiting rooms has become commonplace in some prisons, such as Silivri and Bandirma.

  1. Platform for Peace and Justice,“A comprehensive report on the prison conditions in Turkey - In Prison 2017“, p. 14. ↩

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Some prisoners participate in court hearings from prison via the SEGBIS, an audio-visual communication interface. This measure mainly concerns prisoners who are serving their sentence in a prison away from the court in charge of their case.

The outcomes of the state of emergency:

The state of emergency1, which was declared following the attempted coup d’état, deprived prisoners of many protective rights:

  • The maximum period possibleto be held in was extended from 4 to 30 days. Since January 2017, this period has been changed again to seven days, renewable once, for the same length of time. In actual fact, this length of time is often exceeded.
  • The law does not permit consultation with a lawyer in the first five days of remand in police custody.
  • Communication between lawyer and client can be registered and transmitted to the prosecutorial authorities.
  • The right to access a lawyer of one’s own choice to consult for advice is limited. -Some medical examinations are carried out in the presence of police officers.

These abuses are possible when the independence of judicial power is undermined. The number of judges and prosecutors removed from office since 15 July 2016 was 4,463 on 5th February 2018.

  1. The state of emergency was declared shortly after the failed coup on July 15, 2016. It has been continuously renewed since then. It was extended for the sixth time in January 2018. ↩

  • Between July 2016 and December 2017, 570 lawyers were arrested. 1,486 were prosecuted, according to the Arrested Lawyers Initiative (The Arrested Lawyers Initiative).
    Seventy of them are serving a prison sentence. Master Melih Dikayak, a member of the Izmir Bar, was sentenced to seven years and five months in prison. He was accused of downloading the Bylock messaging application. Using or downloading this is regarded as evidence of membership of the Gulenist movement.

Physical integrity

Deaths in custody are logged in a register

no

The prison authorities do not regularly publish figures on the number of deaths in detention. Human rights organisations often make public the cases they are made aware of.

The Ministry of Justice reported 2,300 deaths in detention during the period 2009-2016.

These deaths were, for the most part, a result of the adverse conditions of confinement and inadequate access to health care. The elderly were also affected.

  • An article in Turkey Purge, dated April 17, 2017, reported 28 suspicious deaths in prison since the attempted coup d’état on 15 July 2016.
    24-year-old Mehmet Kil was found dead in Kürkçüler prison. The authorities reported it as suicide. His brother testified to death threats from guards.
    The member of Parliament,Danış Beştaş, challenged,the authorities regarding the circumstances of his death on the 26 October.

Number of deaths in custody

283

i
2016
/ Ministry of Justice

Number of deaths attributed to suicide

280

Human rights organisations often call into question the credibility of these reports and speak out about suspect deaths.

The prohibition of torture is enshrined in the Constitution and the legislation

yes

The right to not be subjected to torture or ill-treatment is written in the Constitution.[^constitution] The 2004 Penal Code defines torture as a serious crime. [^constitution]: Article 17: “Everyone has the right to life and the right to preserve and develop their physical and spiritual integrity. An individual’s physical integrity cannot be infringed without their consent, except in the event of medical need or in statutory cases. They also should not be subjected to medical and scientific examination without their consent. No one must be subjected to torture or ill-treatment; no one must be made to suffer pain or treatment, which infringes their human dignity. […]”

The United Nations Convention against Torture (UNCAT) was

yes, in 1988

Many people charged with terrorism are subjected to torture.

Moreover, any civil servant infringing upon someone’s human dignity should incur a prison sentence of 3 to 12 years (Article 94), or up to an aggravated life sentence (Article 95). In spite of these laws, torture is widely practised, and the perpetrators are rarely held accountable.

Ill-treatment is most often carried out by police officers during vehicle transfers. The vehicles are badly ventilated and prisoners must travel for long hours in hot or cold weather. They are often not informed of their transfer until the last minute. They are not permitted to take personal effects with them (for example, medicine, glasses or books). They are informed that these effects will be sent on to them later but this never happens. They are subjected to strip searches on arrival and are sometimes beaten.

All allegations and suspicions of ill-treatment inflicted on prisoners are logged

no

In their report 2017, Amnesty International found data indicating “*the widespread practice of torture and ill-treatment of people suspected of participating in the attempted coup d’état”*. They also reported that soldiers undergo the worst threats to their physical integrity.
Following the 27 November - 2 December 2016 visit, the special United Nations Reporter on torture and other cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment confirmed, that a general climate of intimidation and mistrust has been established in the country following the attempted coup d’état. This has prevented complaints about alleged acts of torture and ill-treatment, and hindered subsequent documentation and investigation.
In November 2016, an Executive Decree disbanded three lawyer associations working on police violence and torture. Amnesty International reported on this dissolution. 1

  1. Platform for Peace and Justice, “A comprehensive report on the prison conditions in Turkey - In Prison 2017”, p. 6. ↩

  • Mizgin Dag, a 23-year-old student, was attacked, along with her sister Zelal, during their transfer to Tarsus prison. Zelal explained that her sister still had bruises on her arms and face 20 days after being beaten. She was deprived of water for three days after her arrival. She was only permitted to see a doctor two weeks later. The ill-treatment continues once in prison. Prisoners explain how they have been kept in painful positions for long periods and have been subjected to sleep deprivation, beatings, sexual abuse, and threats of rape. One of the methods of torture is to insert needles into their nipples[^Silivri]. Some prisoners in Silivrihave described the physical and verbal violence they have undergone to their lawyers.

    The prisoner Yakup Gündoğan, who was transferred to Van prison, affirmed that a guard said, in May 2017: “I have been given permission to use torture”. In the same prison, Recep Adıyaman, who was strip searched with his feet and hands handcuffed round his back, said he was no longer able to sleep because of the pain.

    Ibrahim Halil Baran, a Kurdish militant, was in prison in Urfa between January and April 2017. He said he was tortured for 13 days. The anti-terrorist headquarters in Urfa is used to harbour acts of torture. He affirmed he would be able to identify the police officers that tortured him.

Complaints

Number of complaints filed by prisoners against the prison service

195

i
2016
/ Bureau of Human Rights of the central direction of the penitentiary administration

Prisoners with grievances can file a complaint against the prison administration.

Prisoners may lodge complaints about prison administration with the any of following:

  • Enforcement Court
  • Prison Prosecutor
  • Administrative justice
  • Constitutional Court
  • Human Rights and Equality Council (ombudsman)
  • Prison control commissions
  • Local ombudsman offices.
    These complaints include grievances related to overcrowding, the right to correspondence, cultural and social activities, family visits, food, medical visits, extractions, and abuse. Complaint procedures against cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment often remain unanswered.

  • A report by the Union of Turkish Bar Associations on human rights (2016-2017) outlined the number of complaints of ill-treatment lodged by prisoners against staff:

    • From 1 January to 15 July 2016 (before the coup attempt): 344 complaints
    • From 15 July to 31 December 2016: 89 complaints
    • From 1st January 2017 to May 2017: 194 complaints
      The Human Rights Office of the Central Section of the Prison Service states that in the course of 2016 it received 819 complaints1:
    • 323 from NGOs
    • 151 from the Commission on Human Rights of the Parliament
    • 195 from persons deprived of their liberty, their relatives or legal representative.

    The President of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), Guido Raimondi, cited 5,363 complaints filed by Turkish nationals between July and December 2016 (after the coup attempt). He reported a [276% increase over the previous year](http://www.dw.com/en/more-than-5000-cases-filed-against-turkey-over-post-coup-purge -says-echr / a-37294226).

    1. Figures provided in the 2016 activity report of the Prison Service. ↩

National Preventive Mechanisms and other external control bodies

The Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT) was

yes, in 2011

An NPM has been established

yes

The National Institute of Human Rights was created in 2013. It was designated in January 2014 as the national preventive mechanism. The Human Rights and Equality Council replaced it in April 2016 and it entered into force in March 2017.

Name of the NPM

Council for Human Rights and Equality

The NPM has come into office

yes, in 2017

The NPM was appointed by

the executive power

Structure of the NPM

collegiate body: 11 members

It is composed of eleven members: three are appointed by the President of the Republic and eight by the Council of Ministers. This form of appointment compromises the autonomy of NPM members vis-à-vis the executive. Its budget is allocated by the Prime Minister which limits his impartiality. No reports have been published to date.

The NPM reports are made public

no

No report has been published to date.

The Council for Human Rights and Equality may be seized by prisoners or civil society organisations. CISST brought several queries but none have succeeded. National human rights associations do not consider this institution independent.

A regional body monitors the places of deprivation of liberty

yes

European or international bodies occasionally visit Turkish prisons. The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) visited a number of prisons in Turkey following the attempted coup d’état. The Turkish government did not allow them to publish their report.

Its reports are made public

yes

The CPT carried out visits to Turkey in the following years: 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2012, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019.
To consult the reports on Turkey, visit the dedicated page on the CPT’s website.

The Subcommittee for the Prevention of Torture (SPT) has visited the country

no

Its report was made public

no

Other national prison monitoring bodies exist1:

  • internal bodies: enforcement judges (infazhakimleri), prosecutors, inspectors of the Ministry of Justice and management controllers of the general directorate of prisons and detention centers.
  • external bodies: the Ombudsman Institution, the Parliament’s Human Rights Commission. The latter published in 2015, 30 reports on conditions of detention; and only one reportin 2016 on the prison of Tekirdag.

  1. BerkayMandiraci, “Penal policies and institutions in Turkey: structural problems and potential solutions”, March 2015, p. 10. ↩

Sentence adjustments policies

The law provides for a sentence adjustment system

no

The sentence can be adjusted as soon as it is pronounced (ab initio)

no

Community service exists as an alternative to incarceration: 29,707 people received this sentence in 2016. Placement under electronic surveillance is provided by the law and has been applied since February 2013.

  • Up to 3,000 people were placed under electronic surveillance in April 2017, including 359 people accused of being members of the Gülen movement. These people are being monitored from a center based in Istanbul. The Director General of Prisons and Detention Centers says the device can monitor up to 5,000 people.

Sentence adjustments can be granted during the incarceration

yes

In August 2016, the government announced that 38,000 prisoners would benefit from early release under judicial supervision. Many observers see this as a strategy of freeing up places for those arrested after the coup attempt in July.
The number of people who were granted conditional release in 2016 is 81.
Prisoners who show good conduct may be transferred to semi-open prisons at the end of their sentence.

The law provides for a sentence adjustment for medical reasons

no

For humanitarian reasons, gravely ill prisoners may be granted early release1, however this usually occurs too late. The decisionis made by the attorney general, who can, at their discretion, order prisoners remain incarcerated
for public safety reasons. Recently reinforced anti-terrorism measures have led to a rise in the number of gravely ill individuals in prisons. Medical certificates show that in such cases a serious illness is not taken into account.

  1. Regulations foresee the postponement of sentences for those that are sick and “cannot be treated in prison”, as well as those “incapable of taking care of themselves in prison”. To benefit from this, a prisoner must show that their condition is an obvious threat to their life, and they cannot be considered “a danger in terms of public safety”. ↩

A presidential pardon is provided for by article 104 of the Constitution: it allows “to reduce or commute a prison sentence on grounds of chronic illness, infirmity or advanced age”.1 Amnesty laws may be passed by the Turkish Parliament.

  1. Information, Documentation and Research Division of the French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons, “Prison in perpetuity. Possibilities of commutation, development and parole “, March 2017, p. 11. ↩