Special populations

Female prisoners

5.1 % (473)
i
01/2018
/ Council of Europe, "Space I – Report 2018", p.39.

Variation in the number of female prisoners

increased by 1.9%

As of 1 September 2016, there were 464 women prisoners out of a total of 8,726 inmates.1


  1. Council of Europe,“Space I - Report 2016“, p.67. 

Percentage of untried female prisoners

41.2 %

i
31/01/2018
/ Council of Europe, "Space I – Report 2018", p.39.

Percentage of foreign female prisoners

21.6 %

i
31/01/2018
/ Council of Europe, "Space I – Report 2018", p.39.

There are three facilities for women: Ter Peel prison (south-east wing, capacity for 226) in Evertsoord, Nieuwersluis prison (capacity for 220) in Utrecht, and Zwolle prison (capacity for 143).

There is an effective separation between men and women

yes

Untried female prisoners are separated from the convicted

yes

The prison staff is

male and female in equal number

Body searches are conducted by a female member of staff:

  • Pat down searches may be conducted by male staff, only when strictly necessary
  • Strip searches are always conducted by female staff

The prison service takes the specific needs of female prisoners into account, providing, for example, gynaecological consultations, as well as access to female sanitary products and contraception.

Conjugal visits are allowed for women

yes, with proof of long-term relationship

Women benefit from the same provisions as men with regard to conjugal visits. The facility director verifies the validity of the relationship. Conjugal visits are permitted once a month.

The legislation provides for a sentence adjustment for pregnant women or women with young children

no

Pregnant women receive proper prenatal care

yes

Childbirth takes place in

external care facilities

Pregnant inmates are admitted to a regional healthcare facility two weeks before their due date. The mother remains in hospital for ten days after delivery, before returning to prison with her newborn child. The child welfare service (Advies- en Meldpunt Kindermishandeling) must approve this transfer. Ter Peel prison is equipped with a nursery for children over eight weeks old.

The use of instruments of restraint is forbidden during labour and childbirth

yes

Mothers are allowed to keep their children with them

yes, until 9 months

Children, regardless if they are breastfed, remain with their mothers until the age of nine months.
The Dutch authorities consider the prison environment to be non-conducive to child development.

The only facility that is fully adapted to offer places to mothers with young children is Ter Peel prison in Evertsoord. The facility has a mother and child unit (Moeder met Kindhuis, MMK). Children can stay here with their mother until the age of four. Only mothers who are eligible for semi-open placement have access to this unit. The unit has a play area. A day-care centre located near the prison accommodates children during the day.

Security staff in these units wear a uniform.

The prison service takes the specific needs of children into account, namely food, clothing and medical care.

The law bans the imprisonment of minors

no

Article 77h, paragraph 1(a) of the Penal Code provides for the imprisonment of minors convicted of criminal offences.

Minimum age of imprisonment for minors

12 years old.

The age of legal majority is 18 years old.

Incarcerated minors

1.4 % (126)
i
09/2016

Ministry in charge of incarcerated minors

Ministry of Justice and Security

Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid

Minors are subject to a specific justice system. A number of provisions of the Penal Code apply exclusively to them.
They are brought before a juvenile court and placed in dedicated juvenile facilities.
Juvenile criminal law may also be applied to adults aged between 18 and 23 years, following analysis of their maturity and personality by the judge in charge of the case.

The main sanctions provided for in the Penal Code (art. 77h) are as follows:

  • for an offence: detention, community service or a fine. Minors who were under the age of 16 at the time of the offence may be imprisoned for a period of between one day and 12 months. Minors aged between 16 and 18 years at the time of the offence may be imprisoned for a period of up to 24 months (art. 77i).
  • for a minor offence: community service or a fine

Community service may be carried out in the form of:

  • unpaid work or work to repair the damage caused by the offence
  • educational sentence (learning project)
  • combination of both

Figures on minors in prison are published

on a regular basis

Minors in prison are separated from adults

yes

The sentencing of persons between the ages of 18 and 23 under the juvenile justice system means that minors and young adults may be detained in the same facility.

The law provides for single cell accommodation for minors

yes

Each juvenile prisoner is accommodated in a single cell equipped with a bed, a table, a chair, a wardrobe and a toilet cubicle. The cell also includes a radio and a television.1


  1. Dutch prison service, “Information on the detention of minors”, p.1. 

The schooling of minors is compulsory

yes

Schooling is compulsory in the Netherlands for children aged five to sixteen (1969 education law).

Juvenile inmates attend school for around 25 hours a week, from Monday to Friday. Each class has a maximum of seven to eight students, either from within the prison or from other child protection facilities. The teaching is comparable to that of a regular school.

The law prohibits strip searches for minors

no

Children are subject to pat downs and strip searches. The latter is conducted in a separate, private room, and, where possible, by a person of the same sex.1


  1. Article 34, para. 3, of the Regulation on Legal Policies for Juvenile Prisons, (Beginselenwet justitiële jeugdinrichtingen). 

The law forbids solitary confinement for minors

no

The law permits the placement of juvenile prisoners in solitary confinement as a last resort.1 This placement is decided by the prison director. It is limited to one day for minors under the age of sixteen and two days for those over sixteen.


  1. Article 25 of the Regulation on Legal Principles for Juvenile Facilities. 

Specific activities are planned for minors.
The TOPs! programme is aimed at young people aged between 12 and 23 whose behaviour is considered problematic. It is based on cognitive psychology.
The Work-Wise programme supports young prisoners in their choice of training or future work. It is offered to all minors imprisoned for more than three weeks.
Most of the juvenile centres also offer cognitive-behavioural or sensory stimulation therapy (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, EMDR).

Since 2010, staff in juvenile facilities have received additional training based on the YOUTURN methodology. It seeks to empower the child and encourage them to be more responsible.

Number and percentage of foreign prisoners

19.5 % (1,812)
i
31/01/2018
/ Council of Europe, "Space I – Report 2018", pp.56, 58.

Variation in the number of foreign prisoners

increased by 14%

As of 1 September 2016, there were 1,590 foreign prisoners out of a total of 8,726 inmates.1


  1. Council of Europe, “Space I - Report 2016”, p.72. 

Foreign prisoners are informed of their right to communicate with their consular representatives

yes

The prison regulations are translated for foreign prisoners

yes

Foreign prisoners can be assisted by an interpreter

yes

Foreign prisoners may be assisted by an interpreter during police interrogations and court proceedings, free of charge. They receive the same assistance during meetings with their solicitors.

Foreign prisoners are entitled to legal aid

yes

Illegal residence on Dutch territory is not punishable by imprisonment. It is subject to administrative law and, more specifically, to the Aliens Act of 2000.

Foreign prisoners are allowed to make phone calls to their home country. The cost of these calls is borne by them. The charges, set by the private operator Teleo, are considered excessively high.

Cumulative sentences have a limit

yes

Life sentences are banned

no

Article 10 of the Penal Code allows for life imprisonment.
Article 77b, paragraph 2, excludes minors from this.

People serving a life sentence

0.3 % (32)
i
31/01/2018
/ Council of Europe, "Space I – Report 2018", p.46.

Variation in the number of people serving a life sentence

increased by 3.2%

There were 31 inmates sentenced to life imprisonment as at 1st September 2016.1


  1. Council of Europe,“Space I - Report 2016“, p.88. 

Life sentences are imposed in cases of “serious violation of State security” (Article 92 et seq. of the Criminal Code), “serious violation of the dignity of the Crown” (Article 108 of the Criminal Code), “serious violation of the general security of property and persons” (Article 168 of the Criminal Code), terrorism (Article 282b of the Criminal Code), capital murder and homicide. In practice, only the last two infractions have resulted in a life sentence.

There are specific prison facilities for life-sentenced prisoners

no

Prisoners serving a life sentence may apply for a pardon (gratie) after serving 23 and a half years of the sentence. A dedicated Advisory Committee (Adviescollege Levenslanggestraften) then determines whether the applicant is eligible for rehabilitation, participation in activities with view to this rehabilitation, and qualification for temporary release(verlof). The Ministry of Justice and Security decides, on the advice of the Advisory Committee, whether or not to implement the proposed rehabilitation programme.
The Advisory Committee considers four criteria:

  • risk of recidivism (recurrence of a similar offence)
  • risk of re-offending (committing of a different offence)
  • applicant’s behaviour during his/her detention
  • consequences for the victims and their family, and the risk of reprisals (see Art. 4 of the Besluit Adviescollege Levenslanggestraften).

The Advisory Committee was established on 1 March 2017. Its investigation does not constitute review of the sentence. No release is possible before at least 25 years of detention.

Percentage of untried prisoners

41.8 % (3,898)
i
31/01/2018
/ Council of Europe, "Space I – Report 2018", p.43.

Variation in the number of untried prisoners

increased by 2.5%

3 804 inmates were in pre-trial detention as at 1st September 2016, out of a total number of 8 726 inmates.1


  1. Council of Europe, “Space I - Report 2016”, p.74. 

Untried prisoners are separated from the convicted

yes

The law provides for release on bail for untried prisoners

no

The accused may appeal against their pre-trial detention (Art. 69 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, CCP). He/she must go before the district court before a decision is made.

The accused is entitled to the free assistance from a lawyer (Art. 43 of the CCP).

Untried prisoners do not benefit from any special detention regime in line with the presumption of innocence. There are fewer employment possibilities than in prisons for convicted prisoners, and access to conjugal visits or temporary release is very restricted.1


  1. Boone M., Jacobs P., Lindeman J., “DETOUR - Towards Pre-trial Detention as Ultimo Ratio, October 2016, p.3. 

The prosecution or imprisonment of a person on the grounds of their sexual orientation or gender identity is banned

yes

LGBTQI+ persons are separated from other prisoners

at the prisoner’s request

The service offers all vulnerable prisoners the possibility to be placed in a dedicated unit or cell.

Assignment of transgender prisoners to a specific facility depends on

their biological sex

Transgender prisoners are entitled to customised searches

yes

Transgender prisoners benefit from specific health care

yes

Conjugal visits are allowed for LGBTQI+ prisoners

yes

The prison service keeps a record of prisoners with disabilities

no

Prison facilities are adapted to the needs of prisoners with disabilities

some facilities

Disabled prisoners in need of support are assisted by fellow inmates, guards and nursing staff, employed by the prison service or otherwise.

Death penalty is abolished

yes, since 1952

The death penalty has been abolished in 1870 for common law crimes.